Cummins Inc. Sheds Light On How Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines And Hydrogen Fuel Cells Will Help Meet Net Zero CO2 Emissions

Regulations limiting greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) from motor vehicles are tightening around the world. With this, both hydrogen engines and hydrogen fuel cells are receiving an increasing interest.

Net zero CO2 emissions goals

Given medium and heavy-duty trucks are major sources of CO2 emissions, the transportation sector’s journey to destination net zero CO2 emission features both technologies.

As more truck makers join the ranks of auto companies developing CO2-free or CO2-neutral alternative to gasoline and diesel vehicles, let’s look at the similarities and differences between hydrogen engines and fuel cells.

Hydrogen engines and fuel cells

Both hydrogen internal combustion engines and hydrogen fuel cells can power vehicles, while being CO2-free

Both hydrogen internal combustion engines and hydrogen fuel cells can power vehicles, while being CO2-free. Both technologies rely on hydrogen as an energy carrier. Hydrogen engines burn hydrogen in an internal combustion engine, in just the same way as gasoline is used in an engine.

Hydrogen internal combustion engines (Hydrogen ICE) are nearly identical to traditional spark-ignition engines. Fuel cell hydrogen vehicles (FCEVs) generate electricity from hydrogen in a device known as a fuel cell, and use that electricity in an electric motor much like an electric vehicle.

complementary use cases

Hydrogen engines and hydrogen fuel cells offer complementary use cases. Internal combustion engines tend to be most efficient under high load, which is to say, when they work harder. Fuel cell hydrogen vehicles, in contrast, are most efficient at lower loads.

So, for heavy trucks that tend to spend most of their time hauling the biggest load they can pull, internal combustion engines are usually the ideal and efficient choice. On the other hand, vehicles that frequently operate without any load, such as tow trucks or concrete mixer trucks, for example, may be more efficient with a fuel cell.

Fuel cell electric vehicles can also capture energy through regenerative braking, in very transient duty cycles, improving their overall efficiency. Hydrogen engines can also operate as standalone powertrain solutions and handle transient response demand, without the need for a battery pack. Fuel cells combined with battery packs can also accomplish the same purpose.

Similarities in emissions for hydrogen engines and fuel cells

Hydrogen engines and hydrogen fuel cells also have similar emissions profiles

Hydrogen engines and hydrogen fuel cells also have similar emissions profiles. Fuel cell hydrogen vehicles, actually, produce no emissions at all, besides water vapor. This is a very attractive feature for vehicles operating in closed spaces or spaces with limited ventilation.

Hydrogen engines release near zero or trace amounts of CO2 (from ambient air and lubrication oil), but can produce nitrogen oxides, or NOx, which is toxic to humans. As a result, they are not ideal for indoor use and require exhaust after-treatments, in order to reduce NOx emissions.

Hydrogen fuel considerations

Both hydrogen engines and fuel cells use hydrogen fuel, but there is more to this. Hydrogen engines often are able to operate with lower grade hydrogen. This becomes handy for specific use cases. For example, at a site where hydrogen can be produced on-site using steam methane reforming and carbon capture and storing (CCS).

This hydrogen, then, can be used in hydrogen engines, without the need for purification. The hydrogen engine’s robustness to impurities is also handy for a transportation industry, where the transition to high-quality green hydrogen will take time.

Hydrogen engines and fuel cells: Varying maturity levels

Hydrogen engines and hydrogen fuel cell technologies have different levels of maturity

Finally, hydrogen engines and hydrogen fuel cell technologies have different levels of maturity. Internal combustion engines have been universally used for decades and are supported by extensive service networks. Rugged engines that can operate in dusty environments or that can be subjected to heavy vibrations are available in all sizes and configurations.

From the perspective of vehicle manufacturers and fleet operators, the switch to hydrogen engine drivetrains involves familiar parts and technology. Risk-averse end-users will find comfort in the tried-and-tested, reliable nature of internal combustion engines.

Development of FCEVs and hydrogen ICEs complementary

So, it is not really the case that FCEVs and hydrogen ICEs are competing with one another. On the contrary, the development of one supports that of the other, since both are drivers of the development of a common hydrogen production, transportation, and distribution infrastructure.

Both also involve the same vehicle storage tanks. They are complementary technologies that are part of reducing vehicle and transportation emissions towards destination zero.